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Related Concept Videos

Automated Microbial Diagnostics01:24

Automated Microbial Diagnostics

Automated diagnostic analyzers have transformed clinical microbiology by providing rapid and reliable methods for pathogen identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among these systems, the Vitek 2 is widely used because it automates the traditionally labor-intensive processes of microbial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), delivering standardized and timely results that are essential for effective patient care.Microbial Identification with ID CardsThe...
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Evaluation of repeat Clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay testing.

Diana M Cardona1, Kenneth H Rand

  • 1Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, P.O. Box 100275, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32601-0275, USA.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology
|October 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Repeat testing for Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infections shows low positivity rates. Delaying repeat tests for negative results and limiting them for positive results can optimize diagnosis and resource use.

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Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay
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Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay
07:52

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay

Published on: September 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis.
  • Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Current guidelines recommend repeat testing due to imperfect test sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze C. difficile testing patterns and positivity rates upon repeat testing.
  • To determine optimal timing for repeat C. difficile diagnostic tests.
  • To inform clinical practice regarding C. difficile testing strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 8,256 C. difficile tests from 3,112 patients between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2006.
  • Utilized the Wampole C. difficile Tox A/B II enzyme immunoassay kit.
  • Examined positivity rates based on the timing of repeat tests for both initially negative and positive results.

Main Results:

  • 49% of tests were repeated. Among initially negative tests, repeat testing within 10 days yielded 96 positive results.
  • Positivity rates for repeat tests increased with time: 0.9% (day 0) to 10.6% (days 7-10) for initially negative tests.
  • For initially positive tests, repeat positivity decreased from 91% (day 0) to 14% (days 7-10).

Conclusions:

  • Data support not repeating C. difficile tests within 2 days of a negative result.
  • Limiting repeat testing to at least one week after a positive result is advisable.
  • Optimizing testing protocols can improve diagnostic efficiency and resource allocation.