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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

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Overview of the Skull

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

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Correlation between craniofacial and condylar path asymmetry.

Takashi Hashimoto¹, Shingo Kuroda, Lihua E

¹Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

|October 14, 2008

Summary

Mandibular prognathism and deviation correlate with craniofacial and condylar path asymmetries. Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) improved condylar symmetry and reduced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders.

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A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

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Published on: January 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Orthognathic surgery
Craniofacial morphology
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders

Background:

Mandibular prognathism and deviation often present with craniofacial and functional asymmetries.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders can be associated with these skeletal discrepancies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between condylar path length and craniofacial morphology in patients with mandibular prognathism and deviation.
To evaluate changes in condylar path length and TMJ disorders following intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO).

Main Methods:

Study included sixteen Japanese patients with mandibular prognathism and deviation undergoing IVRO.
Craniofacial morphology assessed via cephalograms and submentovertex radiograms.
Condylar path changes measured with a 6 degrees of freedom device; TMJ function evaluated pre- and post-operatively.

Main Results:

Pre-treatment: Moderate correlation between mandibular deviation and asymmetries in craniofacial morphology and condylar path length.
Pre-treatment: Higher incidence of TMJ sounds on the deviated side.
Post-treatment: Improved bilateral symmetry in condylar path length and position, though differences persisted in specific movements. TMJ sounds resolved in 64.3% of patients.

Conclusions:

Mandibular deviation is strongly linked to morphological and functional asymmetries in patients with prognathism.
IVRO effectively corrects mandibular deviation, improving condylar path length and position, and alleviating TMJ symptoms.