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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been developed.
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
08:30

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Tomographic femtosecond x-ray diffractive imaging.

K E Schmidt1, J C H Spence, U Weierstall

  • 1Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A novel method provides three simultaneous projections from a single radiation pulse, enabling target orientation determination without solving the phase problem. This technique is applicable to femtosecond X-ray diffraction and time-resolved imaging.

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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Published on: September 11, 2011

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

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Femtosecond Laser Filaments for Use in Sub-Diffraction-Limited Imaging and Remote Sensing
06:16

Femtosecond Laser Filaments for Use in Sub-Diffraction-Limited Imaging and Remote Sensing

Published on: April 25, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Crystallography
  • Imaging Science

Background:

  • Femtosecond X-ray diffraction (FXD) is a powerful technique for studying dynamic processes.
  • Determining the orientation of samples in FXD experiments is crucial for accurate structural analysis.
  • The phase problem remains a significant challenge in many diffraction-based imaging techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new method for obtaining multiple projections of a target from a single radiation pulse.
  • To enable the determination of relative orientation between successive targets.
  • To circumvent the need for solving the phase problem in diffraction experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a single radiation pulse to acquire three simultaneous projections.
  • Analyzing projections of the autocorrelation function of the target's charge-density distribution.
  • Relating principal axes of the charge-density distribution to accessible autocorrelation function projections.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a method to obtain three simultaneous projections from a single pulse.
  • Showed that principal axes can be determined from autocorrelation function projections.
  • Established a pathway to determine relative orientation of successive targets.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a new approach for 3D imaging in diffraction experiments.
  • It eliminates the need to solve the phase problem for orientation determination.
  • Potential applications include time-resolved tomographic pump-probe experiments and time-series imaging.