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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been developed.
Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging with nanofocused illumination.

C G Schroer1, P Boye, J M Feldkamp

  • 1Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|October 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging achieved 5 nm resolution by focusing hard x-ray nanobeams onto a gold nanoparticle. This advancement overcomes limitations in coherent dose for improved spatial resolution in microscopy.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

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07:26

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Published on: October 7, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) offers high spatial resolution beyond traditional optics.
  • Limited coherent dose from x-ray sources restricts practical resolution in CXDI.
  • Focusing coherent x-ray flux enhances resolution for radiation-hard samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve spatial resolution in coherent x-ray diffraction imaging.
  • To demonstrate high-resolution imaging of nanoparticles using focused hard x-ray nanobeams.

Main Methods:

  • Illumination of a sub-100 nm gold particle with a 100x100 nm hard x-ray nanobeam (15.25 keV).
  • Reconstruction of the sample from its coherent diffraction pattern.
  • Utilizing focused coherent flux to enhance spatial resolution.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a spatial resolution of approximately 5 nm.
  • Reconstruction was completed within a 600-second exposure time.
  • Demonstrated feasibility of high-resolution imaging with limited coherent dose.

Conclusions:

  • Focused hard x-ray nanobeams enable high-resolution imaging in CXDI.
  • The technique is effective for characterizing nanoscale materials like gold nanoparticles.
  • Overcoming coherent dose limitations is key to advancing CXDI resolution.