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Related Concept Videos

Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...

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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Interference testing.

Goce Dimeski1

  • 1Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia. goce_dimeski@health.qld.gov.au

The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
|October 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding assay interferences is crucial for accurate diagnostic results. This study details endogenous and exogenous factors, including hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, proteins, drugs, and antibodies, that can affect laboratory tests.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Laboratory Medicine
  • Analytical Toxicology

Background:

  • Assay interference occurs when substances or processes falsely alter test results.
  • Interferences are classified as endogenous (from patient specimens) or exogenous (introduced substances).
  • Commonly studied interferences include hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, protein abnormalities, drugs, collection tube components, carryover, and immunoassay-specific antibodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of various types of assay interferences.
  • To highlight the impact of different interfering substances and processes on laboratory diagnostics.
  • To emphasize the importance of planning interference studies and establishing procedures for managing affected results.

Main Methods:

  • Review and classification of known endogenous and exogenous interferences.
  • Discussion of common sources of interference, such as hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, paraproteins, drugs, and antibodies.
  • Explanation of interference mechanisms, including antibody bridging in immunoassays and carryover in analytical systems.

Main Results:

  • Hemolysis affects the broadest range of analytes.
  • Protein interferences are often linked to paraproteins (IgM, IgG, IgA).
  • Drug interference can stem from parent compounds, metabolites, or additives.
  • Immunoassay interference is frequently caused by autoantibodies or heterophile antibodies.
  • Carryover interference arises from inadequate washing in analytical systems.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate interpretation of assay results requires awareness and identification of potential interferences.
  • Proper planning and execution of interference studies are essential during method evaluation and routine use.
  • Establishing clear procedures for handling results affected by interference is a critical component of laboratory quality systems.