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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Minimally invasive cochlear implantation with mastoidal three-layer flap technique.

ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties·2009
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Contralateral labyrinthine concussion in temporal bone fractures.

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A multipurpose landmark for skull-base surgery: Henle's spine.

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An unusual complication of stapes surgery: profuse bleeding from the anteriorly located sigmoid sinus.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla
05:54

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Published on: October 18, 2021

Zygomatic root approach.

Tuncay Ulug1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. ulugt@ttmail.com

Acta Oto-Laryngologica
|October 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The zygomatic root (ZR) approach offers better surgical access to the geniculate ganglion without a craniotomy. This technique is effective for treating traumatic facial nerve injuries and other conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Facial Nerve Surgery

Background:

  • The zygomatic root (ZR) approach is a novel technique for treating intratemporal facial nerve injuries.
  • It aims to improve intraoperative exposure of the geniculate ganglion area without requiring a craniotomy.

Observation:

  • A prospective clinical study evaluated three pediatric patients (ages 3-7) undergoing the ZR approach for traumatic facial nerve injuries.
  • The surgical technique involves extensive drilling of the ZR area to expose the perigeniculate region.

Findings:

  • All three patients underwent a combined ZR approach with an inferior mastoidectomy.
  • The procedures resulted in no cerebrospinal fluid leak, hearing loss, tympanic membrane perforation, or meatal stenosis.

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla
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Published on: October 18, 2021

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Implications:

  • The ZR approach combines advantages of the middle cranial fossa (MCF) and transmastoid extralabyrinthine (TMEL) approaches.
  • This technique shows promise for managing traumatic facial palsy, Bell's palsy, iatrogenic facial palsy, superior semicircular canal dehiscence, and primary cholesteatoma.