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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can have a...
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory01:20

Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
Primary Appraisal:...

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Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
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Published on: September 10, 2018

Distinct orbitofrontal regions encode stimulus and choice valuation.

William A Cunningham1, Amanda Kesek, Samantha M Mowrer

  • 1The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. cunningham.417@osu.edu

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|October 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The weak axiom of revealed preferences links value to choice, but this is often incorrect. Brain imaging reveals distinct orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) areas process objective value versus making correct decisions, separating good/bad from right/wrong.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroeconomics

Background:

  • The weak axiom of revealed preferences posits that object value is determined by choices.
  • Economic theory relies on this axiom, but it's frequently violated in practice.
  • A distinction between evaluating stimuli and evaluating actions is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to differentiate brain processes for stimulus evaluation from action evaluation.
  • To investigate the neural basis of decision-making and value assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed.
  • Participants' brain activity was measured during tasks involving evaluating stimuli and making decisions about gambles.

Main Results:

  • Activity in the left posterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) correlated with processing objective stimulus value.
  • Activity in the medial anterior OFC was linked to accepting high-value gambles and rejecting low-value gambles, indicating correct decision-making.
  • Distinct OFC regions showed dissociated representations for adaptive decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has specialized areas for processing objective value and for making correct decisions.
  • These findings highlight a crucial neural distinction between evaluating 'good/bad' (stimulus value) and 'right/wrong' (decision accuracy).
  • This research advances understanding of neuroeconomic principles and adaptive decision-making processes.