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Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Convenience Sampling Method

Convenience Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...

Data Collection by Observations

Data Collection by Observations

Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the most widely used methods of data collection. It involves collecting data by observing the behavior and physical characteristics of a sample without making any modifications to the sample.
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Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

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Community consultation methods in a study using exception to informed consent.

Maria Nelson¹, Terri A Schmidt, Nicole M DeIorio

¹Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ochsnerm@ohsu.edu

Prehospital Emergency Care

|October 17, 2008

Summary

Community consultation methods significantly impact public opinion on research. Random-digit dialing phone surveys, supplemented by discussions at existing events, appear most effective for gathering diverse community input.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Clinical Trials
Community Engagement

Background:

Effective community consultation is crucial for ethical research, yet optimal methods remain unclear.
Varying approaches to community engagement can influence public perception and willingness to participate in studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate differences in community opinion elicited by various consultation methods.
To identify the most effective strategies for engaging diverse populations in research discussions.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional, standardized survey was administered through multiple channels: random-digit dialing phone surveys (two sets), paper surveys at community meetings (open forums and existing events), and web-based surveys.
The study was conducted as part of the community consultation for the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) hypertonic saline trial.

Main Results:

A total of 361 usable surveys were collected, with phone surveys yielding the most responses.
Community meeting participants showed higher willingness for experimental treatment compared to phone or web respondents.
Web-based surveys provided the least feedback and attracted higher-income responders, while community meetings had the highest minority representation.

Conclusions:

Consultation methods significantly influence research opinions, with phone surveys eliciting the most objections and community meetings showing greater acceptance of experimental treatments.
Open forums were poorly attended, and attendees were less likely to object to research without informed consent.
Random-digit dialing phone surveys, combined with targeted discussions at existing events, are suggested as an efficient method for community consultation, particularly for reaching special populations.