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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Published on: March 26, 2015

Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction with femoral cortical bone bridge support using hamstrings.

Alejandro Espejo-Baena¹, Jose Miguel Serrano-Fernandez, Francisco de la Torre-Solis

¹Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Vírgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA

|October 18, 2008

Summary

Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a double-bundle technique with a novel cortical bone bridge offers improved rotational control over traditional single-bundle methods. This technique enhances graft fixation and stability for better patient outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Published on: March 26, 2015

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

Single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction provides limited control over tibial rotation during high-demand activities.
Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques aim to improve rotational stability by replicating native ACL bundles.
Existing double-bundle techniques often require specialized instrumentation and may not fully address fixation challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel technique for anatomic ACL reconstruction utilizing double bone tunnels and double hamstring tendon grafts.
To highlight the advantages of a unique femoral fixation method incorporating a cortical bone bridge.
To present a technique that enhances rotational control and fixation stability without specialized instrumentation.

Main Methods:

Utilized central and anteromedial portals for improved visualization of the intercondylar notch.
Created double bone tunnels in the femur (out-in technique) and tibia.
Employed hamstring tendon grafts for double-bundle reconstruction and interference screws for tibial fixation.
Featured a novel femoral fixation using a cortical bone bridge and an interference screw.

Main Results:

The described technique allows for precise creation of out-in femoral tunnels using standard drill guides.
The cortical bone bridge provides inherent graft support, enhancing fixation strength.
This fixation method potentially avoids the need for post-fixation techniques involving screws or buttons.

Conclusions:

The described anatomic ACL reconstruction technique offers improved rotational stability compared to single-bundle methods.
The novel cortical bone bridge fixation is a key advantage, simplifying the procedure and enhancing graft security.
This technique provides a robust and reproducible option for anatomic ACL reconstruction.