Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
Published on: January 17, 2025
Behavioral correlates of selected MMPI-2 clinical, content, and restructured clinical scales
Allison Binford1, Laura Liljequist
1Lifeskills, Inc., Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA.
Abstract:
In this study, we evaluated the validity of the Restructured Clinical (RC; Tellegen et al., 2003) scales by identifying and comparing behavioral correlates of selected RC scales (RCd, RC2, RC4), their original Clinical scale counterparts (Scale 2, Scale 4), and conceptually related Content scales (DEP, ASP, CYN) in an outpatient clinical sample (N = 150). The results of this study indicate that RC4 is a stronger predictor of several antisocial behaviors than Clinical Scale 4 or the Content Scales ASP and CYN. In contrast, RC2 demonstrated significantly lower correlations with several behaviors conceptually related to depression than its Clinical scale counterpart or DEP. DEP was highly correlated with RCd (r = .91, p < .0001), suggesting that the 2 scales may be measuring similar constructs. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate relatively few differences among the scales selected in their ability to predict extratest behaviors.
Related Concept Videos
Self-Report Tests of Personality
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Causes of Social Behavior II: Cognitive Processes
Modeling in Therapy
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...
Measures of Intelligence
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this; it...
Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring