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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat
12:41

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat

Published on: August 28, 2021

ED use of etomidate for rapid sequence induction.

Nestor B Nestor1, John H Burton

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA. nestornb@mail.amc.edu

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|October 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study provides evidence-based clinical practice recommendations for using etomidate during emergency department rapid sequence induction. It details appropriate use and contraindications across various patient groups, guiding safe and effective administration.

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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Published on: October 16, 2013

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Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat
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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a critical procedure in emergency departments.
  • Etomidate is a commonly used induction agent, but its administration requires careful consideration.
  • Evidence-based guidelines are needed to optimize etomidate use in diverse patient populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop evidence-based clinical practice recommendations for etomidate administration in ED RSI.
  • To critically evaluate the indications and contraindications of etomidate in specific ED patient subpopulations.
  • To identify areas for future research regarding etomidate in emergency medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on etomidate for RSI.
  • Critical appraisal of clinical trial data and observational studies.
  • Expert consensus development for guideline formulation.

Main Results:

  • Established clear indications for etomidate use in ED RSI.
  • Defined contraindications and precautions for specific patient groups (traumatic, septic, neurologic, pulmonary).
  • Highlighted the importance of patient-specific factors in etomidate selection.

Conclusions:

  • Etomidate can be safely and effectively administered for ED RSI when guidelines are followed.
  • Recommendations aim to improve patient outcomes and standardize care.
  • Further research is warranted to refine optimal use in complex cases.