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Autism: definition, neurobiology, screening, diagnosis
Isabelle Rapin1, Roberto F Tuchman
1Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. rapin@aecom.yu.edu
Pediatric Clinics of North America
|October 22, 2008
Summary
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 150 children. Early recognition of social deficits is crucial for maximizing potential in affected children.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Pediatrics
- Genetics
Background:
- Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are increasingly recognized, affecting 1 in 150 children.
- Understanding the multifaceted nature of ASD is critical for effective intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of autism spectrum disorders.
- To highlight key areas relevant to pediatricians, including definition, neurobiology, screening, and diagnosis.
- To emphasize the importance of early identification of social deficits.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on autism spectrum disorders.
- Synthesis of information regarding genetics, immunology, neuroimaging, and neurophysiology.
- Focus on practical implications for pediatric practice.
Main Results:
- Autism is characterized by social deficits, with a prevalence of 1 in 150 children.
- Neurobiological, genetic, and immunological factors contribute to ASD.
- Screening and diagnostic tools are essential for early identification.
Conclusions:
- Early recognition of social deficits in autism is paramount.
- A thorough understanding of ASD's complexities aids in maximizing children's potential.
- Pediatricians play a vital role in the early identification and management of ASD.
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01:19Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
01:30Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
01:29Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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01:28Social Anxiety Disorder
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