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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin, delayed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Phospholipase A2 biochemistry.

John E Burke1, Edward A Dennis

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0601, USA.

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzyme superfamily, detailing their roles in phospholipid hydrolysis. It examines three distinct PLA(2) types: secreted, cytosolic, and Ca(2+)-independent enzymes.

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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily comprises diverse enzymes.
  • These enzymes hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 ester bond, yielding physiologically important fatty acids and lysophospholipids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the PLA(2) enzyme superfamily.
  • To examine the distinct biochemistry of three main PLA(2) types using specific examples.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PLA(2) enzymes.
  • Comparative analysis of three representative PLA(2) enzymes: GIA cobra venom PLA(2), GIVA cytosolic cPLA(2), and GVIA Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2).

Main Results:

  • The PLA(2) superfamily includes five main types: secreted sPLA(2), cytosolic cPLA(2), Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2), PAF acetylhydrolases, and lysosomal PLA(2).
  • Biochemical differences among GIA, GIVA, and GVIA PLA(2) enzymes highlight the diversity within the superfamily.

Conclusions:

  • The PLA(2) superfamily exhibits significant functional and biochemical diversity.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for elucidating the varied physiological roles of PLA(2) enzymes.