Critical review on recent developments in solventless techniques for extraction of analytes

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Science

Background:

• Solventless extraction techniques are gaining prominence due to environmental and economic concerns.
• Traditional extraction methods often rely on large volumes of organic solvents, posing risks.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of recent developments in solventless extraction.
• To critically analyze and compare various solventless extraction techniques.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent publications on solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
• Analysis of liquid-phase microextraction techniques, including single-drop and hollow-fibre methods.
• Evaluation of subcritical water extraction (SWE) and its applications.
• Inclusion of direct extraction and derivatization strategies.
• Consideration of hyphenated techniques and their advantages.

Main Results:

• Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) shows versatility for diverse analytes.
• Liquid-phase microextraction techniques offer high sensitivity with minimal solvent use.
• Subcritical water extraction (SWE) provides an environmentally friendly alternative for certain matrices.
• Direct extraction and derivatization enhance analyte recovery and facilitate analysis.
• Hyphenated techniques improve separation and detection capabilities.

Conclusions:

• Solventless extraction techniques offer efficient and sustainable alternatives to conventional methods.
• The choice of technique depends on the specific analyte, matrix, and analytical requirements.
• Continued research is crucial for further optimizing and expanding the applications of these green extraction methods.