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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

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Published on: March 12, 2021

Gender differences in glenoid anatomy: an anatomic study.

Andrea Merrill1, Kara Guzman, Suzanne L Miller

  • 1New England Baptist Hospital, 125 Parker Hill Avenue, Boston, MA 02120, USA. Andrea.Merrill@tufts.edu

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Male and female glenoid anatomy significantly differs in size and shape, impacting shoulder replacement outcomes. Understanding these gender-specific glenoid differences is crucial for successful shoulder arthroplasty.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Glenoid anatomy variations and their mismatch with implants are linked to shoulder arthroplasty failure.
  • Glenoid loosening is a common cause of poor shoulder implant performance and revision surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify gender-specific differences in human glenoid anatomy.
  • To determine if glenoid size and shape vary significantly between males and females.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of eleven anatomical dimensions on 363 human scapular specimens (equal male/female, black/white proportions).
  • Utilized calipers for glenoid height, width, notch location, and depth measurements.
  • Developed a classification system for anterior glenoid notch morphology.

Main Results:

  • Significant gender differences (P < 0.05) were observed in all measured glenoid dimensions and height-to-width ratios.
  • Male glenoids were rounder, while female glenoids were more oval.
  • Anterior glenoid notches were more prevalent in females (80.4%) than males (57.6%), with significant positional differences (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • Distinct gender-based differences exist in glenoid anatomy, including size, shape, and notch morphology.
  • These anatomical variations may have significant implications for shoulder arthroplasty implant design and surgical technique.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize shoulder replacement outcomes based on patient sex.