Static and fatigue mechanical characterizations of variable diameter fibers reinforced bone cement

Fibers can be used to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement for the long-term stability of hip prostheses. However, debonding of the fibers from the matrix due to the poor fiber/matrix interface is a major failure mechanism for such fiber reinforced bone cements. In this study, a novel fiber (variable diameter fibers or VDFs) technology for reinforced bone cement was studied to overcome the interface problem of short-fiber composites. These fibers change their diameters along their length to improve the fiber/matrix interfacial bond by the mechanical interlock between the VDFs and the matrix. A novel composite made from novel ceramic VDFs incorporated in PMMA matrix was developed. Both static and fatigue tests were carried out on the composites. Conventional straight fiber (CSF) reinforced bone cement was also tested for comparison purposes. Results demonstrated that both the stiffness and the fatigue life of VDF reinforced bone cement are significantly improved (P < 0.05) compared with the unreinforced bone cement. VDF contents of 10% by volume increased the fatigue life over unreinforced bone cement by up to 100-fold. Also, the fatigue life and modulus of toughness of VDF reinforced cement were significantly greater than those of CSF reinforced cement (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that VDFs can bridge the matrix cracks effectively and pullout of VDFs results in much more extensive matrix damage than pullout of CSFs increasing the resistance to fatigue. Therefore, VDF reinforced cement was significantly tougher, having a greater energy dissipation capacity than CSF reinforced cement. VDFs added to bone cement could potentially avoid implant loosening due to the mantle fracture of bone cement and delay the need for revision surgery.