Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this principle...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prader-Willi Syndrome with Angelman Syndrome in the Offspring.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2021
Same author

Clinical management of individuals with Intellectual Disability: The outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic as experienced in a clinical and research center Research in Developmental Disabilities.

Research in developmental disabilities·2021
Same author

Interaction of Low Molecular Weight Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Low Surfactant-Polyelectrolyte Ratio, Salt-Free Solutions.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2020
Same author

A small-angle neutron scattering study of biologically relevant mixed surfactant micelles comprising 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine and sodium dodecyl sulfate or dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Soft matter·2020
Same author

pH-Dependent Chiral Recognition of <i>D</i>- and <i>L</i>-Arginine Derived Polyamidoamino Acids by Self-assembled Sodium Deoxycholate.

Polymers·2020
Same author

Nanocarriers from dicationic bis-imidazolium amphiphiles and their interaction with anionic drugs.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2020
Same journal

Silicone oil in protein drug products and its implications for formulation stability.

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
Same journal

Targeted delivery of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) and molecular glue degraders (MGD).

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
Same journal

Lysosome-targeting degrader delivery system: from formulation design to biomedical applications.

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
Same journal

Anti-PEG antibodies in nanomedicine: Mechanisms, risks, and opportunities.

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
Same journal

Optimizing macrophage-targeted intracellular delivery systems for safe and effective immunotherapies.

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
Same journal

Light-controlled CRISPR-dCas9 epigenome editing: advanced drug-delivery strategies and oncology applications.

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Quantifying diffusion in mucosal systems by pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR.

Paola Occhipinti1, Peter C Griffiths

  • 1School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. griffithspc@cf.ac.uk

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mucus barriers hinder nanoparticle drug delivery. This review explores nano-object diffusion in mucus and introduces pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR (PGSE-NMR) as a novel investigation tool.

More Related Videos

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
11:57

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Published on: September 13, 2019

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
12:29

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

Published on: May 30, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
11:57

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Published on: September 13, 2019

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
12:29

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

Published on: May 30, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mucus covers mammalian epithelial surfaces, acting as a protective barrier against foreign particles.
  • This mucus layer poses a significant challenge for the effective delivery of nano-sized drug delivery systems to target mucosal tissues.
  • Understanding nano-object diffusion within mucus is crucial for developing advanced drug delivery strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on the diffusion of nano-sized structures within mucosal networks.
  • To introduce pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR (PGSE-NMR) as a promising new technique for studying molecular mobility in mucus.
  • To highlight the challenges and opportunities in nanoparticle drug delivery across mucosal barriers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nanoparticle diffusion in mucus.
  • Discussion of techniques such as multiple-particle tracking (MPT), diffusion chamber studies, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).
  • Introduction to pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR (PGSE-NMR) principles and applications for biological gel analysis.

Main Results:

  • Existing methods provide insights into nano-object diffusion within mucus.
  • PGSE-NMR offers a potentially powerful, non-invasive method for characterizing molecular mobility in complex biological networks.
  • The review synthesizes current understanding, identifying gaps and future research directions.

Conclusions:

  • Effective mucus penetration is key for successful mucosal drug delivery.
  • PGSE-NMR presents a novel approach to quantify nano-object diffusion in mucus and related biological gels.
  • Further research utilizing PGSE-NMR could significantly advance the design of drug delivery systems for mucosal applications.