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Related Concept Videos

DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types.  Type I...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:

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Methods to Increase the Sensitivity of High Resolution Melting Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping in Malaria
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Published on: November 10, 2015

Flow-induced thermal effects on spatial DNA melting.

Niel Crews1, Tim Ameel, Carl Wittwer

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

Lab on a Chip
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flow-induced temperature variations in microfluidic devices are significant. Understanding these thermal effects is crucial for accurate spatial DNA melting analysis using temperature gradients.

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Thermal Analysis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Continuous-flow microfluidics enable spatial DNA melting analysis.
  • Accurate temperature distribution is essential for characterizing PCR amplicon melting behavior.
  • Flow-induced temperature changes in microfluidic channels are often overlooked but can cause significant variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally and numerically investigate microfluidic flow within a substrate featuring a quasi-linear temperature gradient.
  • To analyze the impact of flow-induced effects on temperature profiles in microfluidic channels and substrates.
  • To provide quantitative data applicable to temperature gradient heating and other microfluidic thermal systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized serpentine microfluidic geometries with defined channel lengths and bends.
  • Employed infrared thermometry to measure surface temperature variations.
  • Developed and used a 3-D conjugate heat transfer model for predicting interior temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant thermal interaction between adjacent counter-flow channel sections, influenced by spacing and substrate properties.
  • Found that volumetric flow rate and axial temperature gradient are directly proportional to thermal variations.
  • Determined that flow-induced thermal effects are largely independent of microchannel cross-sectional area.

Conclusions:

  • Flow-induced thermal effects significantly impact temperature profiles in microfluidic devices.
  • Device geometry, flow rate, and substrate properties are key factors influencing temperature distribution.
  • Accurate thermal characterization is vital for reliable microfluidic applications like spatial DNA melting analysis.