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Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

$Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain$

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

Trigeminal neuralgia.

Motohiro Hayashi¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Progress in Neurological Surgery

|October 25, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gamma knife surgery using the C-APS system improved essential trigeminal neuralgia treatment outcomes. Robotized micro radiosurgery with precise dose planning led to better results and fewer recurrences compared to earlier methods.

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Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Published on: July 5, 2011

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$Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain$

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Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Radiation Oncology

Background:

Essential trigeminal neuralgia (ETN) is a debilitating neuropathic pain condition.
Gamma knife surgery (GKS) is a minimally invasive treatment option for ETN.
Advancements in GKS technology, such as the C-APS system, aim to improve treatment efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of GKS with the C-APS system for ETN treatment.
To compare outcomes between patients treated before and after the implementation of the C-APS system.

Main Methods:

Retrospective study of 270 ETN patients treated with GKS.
Target localization on the retro-Gasserian nerve with a maximum dose of 90 Gy.
Comparison of outcomes in 150 patients with >2 years follow-up, divided into pre-APS and post-APS (C-APS) groups.

Main Results:

The post-APS group showed higher rates of initial electric discharge (98.2%) and sustained response at 2 years (79.8%) compared to the pre-APS group.
Complete recurrence rates were significantly lower in the post-APS group (4.7%).
Postoperative complications were observed in 29.4% of patients in the post-APS group.

Conclusions:

GKS with the C-APS system, termed 'robotized micro radiosurgery', significantly improves treatment outcomes for ETN.
Precise dose planning and C-APS treatment are crucial for achieving better results and reducing recurrence.
The C-APS system represents a substantial advancement in GKS for ETN management.