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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
The Carnot Cycle01:30

The Carnot Cycle

Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the efficiency of the reversal, that is, maximize the work retrieved from heat. If the efficiency of a heat engine were 100%, it would imply reversing the process completely without introducing any other effect. Thus, it would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
What could be the theoretical limit to the efficiency of a heat engine? The...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is produced by the...
Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and empty blood into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Optimization of the Longa Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Method for Complete Reperfusion
13:18

Optimization of the Longa Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Method for Complete Reperfusion

Published on: November 22, 2024

[Cycling in Zagreb].

Stipan Matos1, Ladislav Krapac, Josip Krapac

  • 1Gradsko poglavarstvo Grada Zagreba, Hrvatska.

Acta Medica Croatica : Casopis Hravatske Akademije Medicinskih Znanosti
|October 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Zagreb needs better cycling infrastructure to improve urban transport and reduce sedentary lifestyles. Developing dedicated cycling tracks and lanes is crucial for cyclist safety and promoting cycling tourism.

Area of Science:

  • Urban planning and transportation science.
  • Public health and recreational studies.
  • Environmental sustainability and active mobility.

Context:

  • Zagreb's urban transport system faces challenges with cyclist and pedestrian safety due to a lack of traffic culture and inadequate infrastructure.
  • Existing road networks, largely built in the early 20th century, lack sufficient dedicated cycling tracks, particularly for connecting northern and southern city areas.
  • Current organization for bike transportation, parking, and cycling routes in scenic areas like Medvednica and Zumberacko gorje is insufficient.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the current state of cycling in Zagreb, identifying deficiencies in infrastructure and organization.
  • To emphasize the potential benefits of improved cycling facilities for public health, urban mobility, and tourism.
  • To advocate for multidisciplinary action and policy changes to enhance cycling safety and accessibility.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Optimization of the Longa Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Method for Complete Reperfusion
13:18

Optimization of the Longa Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Method for Complete Reperfusion

Published on: November 22, 2024

Summary:

  • The study analyzes the current state of cycling in Zagreb, noting a decline in its use as urban transport despite a promising future.
  • Key issues include a lack of dedicated cycling tracks (190 cm wide) and lanes (80 cm wide), poor connectivity between city parts, and inadequate facilities for bike transport and parking.
  • The potential for cycling tourism is underdeveloped due to poor road conditions, while professional and recreational cycling lack tradition.

Impact:

  • Implementing a comprehensive network of cycling tracks and lanes can significantly reduce sedentary lifestyles, improve public health, and decrease daily stress.
  • Enhanced cycling infrastructure and organization can boost cycling tourism, making Zagreb more attractive to both residents and visitors.
  • Strengthening traffic regulations and fostering a better traffic culture are essential for protecting cyclists, the most vulnerable road users, thereby improving the overall quality of life in Croatia's capital.