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Minerals: exercise performance and supplementation in athletes.

P M Clarkson1

  • 1Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003.

Journal of Sports Sciences
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Mineral supplements may be important for athlete health, but evidence for performance enhancement is limited. Poor diet is the primary cause of deficiencies, with exercise occasionally contributing.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Nutrition
  • Human Physiology
  • Mineral Metabolism

Background:

  • Athletes' mineral requirements and the role of supplementation in performance are debated.
  • Key macrominerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus) and trace minerals (zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, iron) are essential for bodily functions.
  • Specific concerns exist regarding mineral status in athletes due to diet and exercise-induced losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the necessity of mineral supplements for athletes.
  • To determine if mineral supplementation enhances athletic performance.
  • To review the roles and deficiency risks of various minerals in athletic populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on mineral status and supplementation in athletes.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of the impact of specific minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, iron) on health and performance.
  • Examination of factors contributing to mineral deficiencies in athletes, including diet and exercise.

    • Main Results:

    • Calcium supplementation benefits bone health, particularly in female athletes with amenorrhea.
    • Magnesium and phosphorus status are generally adequate; supplementation shows no performance benefit, though acute phosphate loading may enhance performance.
    • Zinc deficiency is possible due to diet and sweat loss; data on performance impact is limited. Copper and selenium deficiencies are uncommon, with no evidence for performance enhancement.
    • Chromium deficiency is a possibility due to low intake and exercise-induced urinary loss.
    • Iron depletion is common in female athletes, but only iron deficiency anemia affects performance; supplementation is beneficial only in cases of anemia.

    Conclusions:

    • Poor dietary intake is the main driver of mineral deficiencies in athletes.
    • While mineral supplements are crucial for maintaining athlete health, robust evidence for performance enhancement is scarce.
    • Supplementation is recommended primarily to correct identified deficiencies rather than for general performance improvement.