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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

[News for adrenal insufficiency].

M-L Nunes1, A Tabarin

  • 1Service d'endocrinologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, avenue de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, France. marie-laure.nunes@chu-bordeaux.fr

Annales D'Endocrinologie
|October 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) diagnosis can utilize salivary cortisol tests. New hydrocortisone formulations aim to improve treatment and quality of life for patients with AI.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Adrenal insufficiency (AI) diagnosis typically involves dynamic tests measuring serum cortisol.
  • Salivary cortisol measurement offers comparable diagnostic accuracy to serum cortisol, especially when cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) levels fluctuate.
  • Iatrogenic AI is more prevalent than Addison's disease, necessitating awareness in patients using inhaled corticosteroids or opioids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novelties in the diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, and therapy of adrenal insufficiency presented at the Endocrine Society 2008 congress.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary cortisol measurements compared to serum cortisol.
  • To discuss advancements in managing AI, including new therapeutic formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic approaches for adrenal insufficiency, including dynamic serum cortisol testing and salivary cortisol measurement.

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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

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  • Analysis of etiological factors, highlighting the increased incidence of iatrogenic AI and the need for testing in specific patient groups.
  • Examination of prognostic data, such as increased mortality in young men with Addison's disease.
  • Evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies, including delayed-release hydrocortisone formulations.

    • Main Results:

    • Salivary cortisol testing demonstrates equivalent diagnostic performance to serum cortisol, with potential advantages in cases of altered CBG levels.
    • Studies indicate a need to screen patients on inhaled corticosteroids and opioids for AI.
    • A Norwegian study identified increased mortality in young men diagnosed with Addison's disease before age 40.
    • Current glucocorticoid replacement therapy may not fully replicate physiological cortisol levels, potentially impacting patient well-being.
    • Emerging delayed-release hydrocortisone formulations (DuoCort, Chronocort) show promise in mimicking natural cortisol release and are being tested for AI and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

    Conclusions:

    • Salivary cortisol is a viable alternative for diagnosing AI, particularly useful when CBG levels are abnormal.
    • Screening for AI is crucial in patients using inhaled corticosteroids and opioids due to the high prevalence of iatrogenic AI.
    • Improved glucocorticoid replacement therapies, such as novel delayed-release hydrocortisone formulations, are under development to enhance treatment efficacy and patient quality of life.
    • Further research and clinical trials are essential to validate new diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for adrenal insufficiency.