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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation00:55

Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation

Amines can be identified using mass spectroscopy based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions of amines undergo fragmentation via ⍺-cleavage. The ⍺-cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds in amines generates an alkyl radical and resonance-stabilized nitrogen-containing cation.
In amines, the number of nitrogen atoms affects the mass of the molecular ion, which is described by the nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry. This rule states that a compound containing a single or...
Standard Solutions01:14

Standard Solutions

Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...

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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-a primary standard?

W F Koch1, D L Biggs, H Diehl

  • 1Departments of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, U.S.A.

Talanta
|August 1, 1975
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Commercially available tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM) may contain impurities. Rigorous purification methods, including grinding and vacuum drying, are essential to achieve high-purity THAM for primary standards.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM) is a widely used primary standard in analytical chemistry.
  • Commercially available THAM may not consistently meet the stringent purity requirements for primary standards.
  • Occluded mother liquor within THAM crystals is a common source of impurity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the purity of commercially available tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM).
  • To establish a purification protocol to achieve high-purity THAM suitable for primary standard applications.

Main Methods:

  • Grinding of THAM crystals to increase surface area.
  • Vacuum drying to remove volatile impurities and occluded solvents.
  • Sieving through a 100-mesh sieve to ensure particle size uniformity.
  • Repeated cycles of grinding, vacuum drying, and sieving.

Main Results:

  • Untreated THAM may contain significant levels of occluded mother liquor.
  • A multi-step purification process involving grinding, vacuum drying, and sieving significantly enhances THAM purity.
  • The described protocol approaches 100% purity for tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

Conclusions:

  • Standard commercial grades of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane may require further purification for use as primary standards.
  • A combination of mechanical and thermal treatments can effectively remove impurities from THAM.
  • Achieving high-purity THAM is critical for accurate and reliable analytical measurements.