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Related Concept Videos

Kohlraush’s Law and its Applications01:29

Kohlraush’s Law and its Applications

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 Kohlrausch's law explains that at infinite dilution, where dissociation is complete, each ion's contribution to the conductivity of the electrolyte is independent of the nature of other ions present in the solution. It also implies that when an electrolyte is highly diluted, the conductance of the electrolyte is the sum of the individual conductances of the ions it generates upon dissociation. The quantity of electricity an ion carries is proportional to its molar ionic conductance, which...
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Solubility Equilibria03:07

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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Electrical Transport01:29

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The electrical transport property of a material is defined by its resistance and conductivity. Resistance is the measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity gauges its ability to allow the current to pass through, depending on the geometry of the measurement cell, such as electrode spacing and area. Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S). There are different types of conductance, including specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar...
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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
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Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Related Experiment Video

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Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
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Proposed New Electrolytic Conductivity Primary Standards for KCl Solutions.

Y C Wu1, W F Koch1, K W Pratt1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|February 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New measurements of aqueous electrolytic conductivity for potassium chloride solutions offer precise primary standards. These findings aim to replace the outdated demal scale for accurate conductivity measurements.

Keywords:
cell constantconductancedemalelectrolytic conductivitymolalpotassium chlorideprimary standardsresistancespecific conductance

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of aqueous electrolytic conductivity is crucial for various scientific and industrial applications.
  • Existing standards, such as the demal scale, may lack the precision required for modern scientific endeavors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an absolute determination of aqueous electrolytic conductivity for potassium chloride (KCl) solutions.
  • To establish new primary standards for electrolytic conductivity measurements.
  • To propose the replacement of the demal scale with more accurate and reliable standards.

Main Methods:

  • Absolute determination of conductivity using a precisely engineered conductivity cell with a removable center section.
  • Measurements conducted on 0.01 molal and 0.1 molal KCl solutions across a temperature range of 0 to 50 °C at 5 °C intervals.
  • Data adjusted for conformity with the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).

Main Results:

  • The overall uncertainty of the measurements is estimated at 0.03% over the entire temperature range.
  • Specific conductivity values at 25 °C for 0.01 m and 0.1 m KCl solutions were determined as 0.00140823 S/cm and 0.0128246 S/cm, respectively.
  • The proposed values offer a significant improvement in accuracy compared to existing standards.

Conclusions:

  • The determined values for aqueous KCl solutions represent a new set of primary standards for electrolytic conductivity.
  • These proposed standards are recommended for adoption to enhance the accuracy and reliability of conductivity measurements.
  • The adoption of these standards will supersede the use of the demal scale in scientific and industrial practices.