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Related Concept Videos

Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.The genetics of speciation involves the different traits or isolating mechanisms preventing gene exchange, leading to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to reproductive barriers that have effects either before or after the formation of a zygote. Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization from occurring, and post-zygotic mechanisms...
Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

The ITS2 Database
16:17

The ITS2 Database

Published on: March 12, 2012

Jess, a joint expert speciation system-II. The thermodynamic database.

P M May1, K Muray

  • 1School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150.

Talanta
|December 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

The Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS) offers an interactive thermodynamic database for solution chemistry, overcoming limitations of existing systems. This comprehensive database supports extensive chemical reaction data and analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Solution Chemistry
  • Chemical Thermodynamics
  • Database Management

Background:

  • Traditional solution-chemistry databases present challenges in data management and flexibility.
  • Existing systems often lack comprehensive thermodynamic data integration.
  • Interactive tools are needed for advanced chemical speciation analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS) thermodynamic database.
  • To address limitations in current solution-chemistry databases.
  • To provide a flexible and interactive platform for thermodynamic data management.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an interactive thermodynamic database system (JESS).
  • Incorporation of flexible reaction expression and associated thermodynamic values (equilibrium constants, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs-free energy).
  • Inclusion of supplementary data (electrolyte, temperature, ionic strength, method, references) and data transfer capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The JESS database is fully interactive, allowing reactions in any form.
  • It supports multiple thermodynamic values per reaction and extensive supplementary data.
  • The current JESS database contains over 12,000 reactions and 20,000 equilibrium constants.
  • Data covers interactions of ~100 metal ions with >650 ligands in aqueous solution.

Conclusions:

  • JESS provides a robust solution for managing complex thermodynamic data in aqueous chemistry.
  • Its interactive nature and comprehensive data storage enhance speciation analysis.
  • The system facilitates efficient data transfer and integration for researchers.