Urea potentiometric biosensor based on urease immobilized on chitosan membranes

Potentiometric biosensors based on urease (E.C. 3.5.1.5.) immobilized on chitosan membranes coupled to all-solid-state nonactin ammonium ion selective electrodes are described. The enzyme was immobilized on the chitosan membranes by four procedures: (A) adsorption; (B) adsorption followed by reticulation with dilute aqueous glutaraldehyde solution; (C) activation with glutaraldehyde followed by contact with the enzyme solution; and (D) activation with glutaraldehyde, contact with the enzyme solution and reduction of the Schiff base with sodium borohydride. The response characteristics of the biosensors obtained with these enzymatic membranes were determined and compared. The biosensor with best response characteristics, obtained by procedure (B), showed the following characteristics of response to urea: (i) linearity in the 10(-4) to 10(-2) M range; (ii) slope of up to 56 mV per decade; (iii) response time between 30 s and 2 min; and (iv) lifetime of 2 months. This biosensor was tested in the determination of urea in blood serum samples.