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Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
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π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Published on: April 18, 2013

Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes for aromatic cations based on pi-coordinating soft carriers.

Johan Bobacka¹, Terhi Alaviuhkola, Vesa Hietapelto

¹Abo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Group, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, FIN-20500, Abo-Turku, Finland.

|October 31, 2008

Summary

New ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) show improved sensing of aromatic cations like N-methylpyridinium. Selectivity is mainly affected by membrane plasticizers and charged carriers, not neutral ones.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are crucial for potentiometric sensing.
Developing selective sensors for aromatic cations remains a challenge.
Understanding membrane-ion interactions is key for sensor design.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and investigate pi-coordinating carrier-based ISEs for aromatic cation sensing.
To evaluate the influence of different membrane components on sensor performance.
To elucidate the role of cation-pi interactions in potentiometric sensing.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of ISEs using pi-coordinating charged and neutral carriers in plasticized PVC membranes.
Utilizing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a solid contact.
Potentiometric measurements using N-methylpyridinium as the model aromatic cation.
Comparison with conventional ISEs.

Main Results:

The selectivity of the ISEs was significantly influenced by the choice of plasticizer (DOS, o-NPOE) and charged carriers.
Neutral carriers containing anthryl groups showed a minor impact on selectivity.
The study highlights the importance of cation-pi interactions for sensor response.

Conclusions:

ISEs incorporating pi-coordinating carriers offer a promising approach for aromatic cation detection.
Membrane composition, particularly plasticizer and charged carriers, critically determines sensor selectivity.
Further research into cation-pi interactions can optimize ISE design for specific analytes.