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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Energetic ionic liquids based on lanthanide nitrate complex anions.

Guo-Hong Tao1, Yangen Huang, Jerry A Boatz

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New energetic ionic liquids featuring lanthanide nitrate complexes were synthesized. These compounds exhibit stability and potential applications as environmentally friendly propellants.

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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Energetic Materials

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at low temperatures, offering unique solvent properties.
  • Energetic ionic liquids (EILs) combine the characteristics of ILs with high energy content for applications in propellants and explosives.
  • Lanthanide complexes offer novel structural and energetic possibilities for EIL development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel energetic ionic liquids based on anionic lanthanide nitrate complexes.
  • To investigate the stability, impact sensitivity, and potential applications of these new EILs.
  • To explore environmentally friendly synthesis routes for energetic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of guanidinium, triazolium, and tetrazolium-based lanthanide nitrate complexes.
  • Characterization using IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal stability (TGA/DSC), phase behavior, density, and water content determination.
  • Assessment of impact sensitivity and theoretical calculations for propellant potential.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation of energetic ionic liquids with the general formula Cat(3)[Ln(NO3)6](3-).
  • The 1,5-diaminotetrazolium and 1,5-diamino-4-methyltetrazolium salts are the first CO-balanced, hydrolysis- and air-stable EILs.
  • Impact sensitivities were measured at approximately 27 J for the most stable EILs.
  • Environmentally friendly synthesis using nitrate precursors was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Novel, stable, and energetic ionic liquids based on lanthanide nitrate complexes have been developed.
  • These EILs demonstrate promising properties for propellant applications.
  • The synthesis method is simple and environmentally conscious, aligning with green chemistry principles.