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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview01:07

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
NMR spectroscopy generates a spectrum where the characteristic absorption frequencies of the sample are...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...
NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Robert W Prost1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. prostr@mcw.edu

Medical Physics
|November 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) provides chemical data, primarily using hydrogen nuclei, and is a clinical tool for brain, prostate, and breast imaging. Future advancements aim for stronger signals, but current US reimbursement policies risk its misuse.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) enables Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for morphology and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) for chemical data.
  • Human MRS primarily utilizes hydrogen nucleus resonances in low molecular weight compounds.
  • Hydrogen MRS is a standard clinical technique for brain, prostate, and breast evaluations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future directions of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS).
  • To highlight the challenges and potential of MRS with nuclei other than hydrogen.
  • To address concerns regarding the overuse and misuse of MRS in the United States.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon.
  • Analysis of hydrogen nucleus (proton) MRS applications in clinical settings.
  • Discussion of technical advancements and challenges for MRS with other nuclei.

Main Results:

  • Hydrogen MRS is established in clinical practice for specific organs.
  • Other nuclei present technical hurdles like low abundance and sensitivity.
  • Future MRS development focuses on higher magnetic fields and signal amplification.

Conclusions:

  • MRS is a valuable tool for chemical data acquisition in medicine.
  • Advancements in MRS technology promise enhanced capabilities.
  • The clinical application of MRS in the US faces threats from reimbursement-driven overuse and misuse.