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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Aging augments IL-17 T-cell alloimmune responses.

B M Tesar1, W Du, A C Shirali

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|November 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging enhances specific immune responses, particularly Interleukin-17 (IL-17), in older mice before organ transplantation. This heightened IL-17 response, dependent on memory T cells, contributes to faster allograft rejection and suggests IL-17 therapies could prevent rejection in elderly recipients.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
11:55

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Science
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Increasing numbers of elderly patients undergo solid organ transplantation.
  • Understanding how aging impacts alloimmune responses is crucial for transplant success.
  • Donor-specific immune memory may influence transplant outcomes in older recipients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether aged mice exhibit augmented donor-specific memory immune responses prior to transplantation.
  • To characterize the role of specific cytokines, such as IL-17 and IFN-gamma, in age-related alloimmunity.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting IL-17 in preventing acute allograft rejection in aged recipients.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of donor-specific immune responses (IL-17, IFN-gamma) in aged versus young mice.
  • Assessment of the role of memory CD4(+) T cells in the heightened IL-17 response.
  • In vitro analysis of IL-2 alloimmune responses with aging.
  • In vivo study of anti-IL-17 antibody treatment to delay allograft rejection.

Main Results:

  • Aged mice showed elevated donor-specific Interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses, but not Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), compared to young mice.
  • The heightened IL-17 alloimmune response in aged mice was dependent on memory CD4(+) T cells.
  • Reduced IL-2 alloimmune responses were observed with age and contributed to the elevated IL-17 phenotype in vitro.
  • Treatment with an anti-IL-17 antibody significantly delayed the onset of acute allograft rejection.

Conclusions:

  • Aging promotes augmented, donor-specific IL-17 immune responses that are critical for the timing of acute allograft rejection in elderly recipients.
  • Targeting IL-17 may represent a viable therapeutic strategy to mitigate transplant rejection in older transplant recipients.
  • These findings highlight the importance of age-related immune modulation in solid organ transplantation.