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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
Published on: September 6, 2024
Pulmonary embolism associated with protein C deficiency and abuse of anabolic-androgen steroids
Alaa Alhadad1, Stefan Acosta, Latif Sarabi
1University of Lund, Vascular Center Malmö-Lund, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Alaa.alhadad@skane.se
Abstract:
We present the case of a 19-year-old male athlete with protein C deficiency who developed proximal deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism while abusing anabolic-androgenic steroids. Anabolic-androgenic steroids have been reported to have anticoagulatory and profibrinolytic effects in patients with protein C deficiency. Despite these antithrombotic effects, the patient developed repeated venous thromboembolism during treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin. The net effect of anabolic-androgenic steroids on the haemostatic system may change from antithrombotic to prothrombotic in male abusers of anabolic steroids with protein C deficiency.
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