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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
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Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Isolation of Native Soil Microorganisms with Potential for Breaking Down Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films Used in Agriculture
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Published on: May 10, 2013

Bionemo: molecular information on biodegradation metabolism.

Guillermo Carbajosa1, Almudena Trigo, Alfonso Valencia

  • 1Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.

Nucleic Acids Research
|November 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bionemo is a manually curated database detailing proteins and genes involved in biodegradation metabolism. It uniquely links biomolecular information with biochemical reactions, aiding biodegradation research.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Biodegradation metabolism is crucial for environmental remediation and industrial processes.
  • Existing databases often focus on biochemical pathways, lacking detailed biomolecular information.
  • A comprehensive resource linking genes, proteins, and their roles in biodegradation is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop Bionemo, a manually curated database for biodegradation metabolism.
  • To integrate information on proteins (sequence, domains, structure) and genes (sequence, regulatory elements, transcription units).
  • To link biomolecular data with biodegradation reactions and regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

  • Manual curation of scientific literature to extract relevant data.
  • Association of sequence database entries with biodegradation reactions.
  • Extraction and linking of gene transcription unit and regulation information to biochemical networks.

Main Results:

  • Bionemo contains sequence information for 324 biodegradation reactions.
  • Includes transcription regulation data for over 100 promoters and 100 transcription factors.
  • Provides a unique resource complementing existing biodegradation databases.

Conclusions:

  • Bionemo offers a valuable, integrated resource for studying biodegradation at the molecular level.
  • The database facilitates research by linking biomolecular entities to metabolic functions.
  • Accessible via a web server, downloadable dump, and Perl API for programmatic use.