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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Normal bone anatomy and physiology.

Bart Clarke1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, W18-A, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. clarke.bart@mayo.edu

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
|November 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This review details normal bone anatomy and remodeling, crucial for understanding bone strength and interpreting iliac crest bone biopsy results in clinical settings.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Bone Biology
  • Skeletal Physiology
  • Histomorphometry

Background:

  • The skeleton's anatomy and physiology are fundamental to understanding bone health.
  • Bone modeling and remodeling are key processes regulating bone mineral density and strength.
  • Understanding these processes is essential for interpreting iliac crest bone biopsy data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a foundational review of normal bone anatomy and physiology.
  • To explain the mechanisms of bone remodeling, including osteoclast and osteoblast functions.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on determinants of bone strength relevant to iliac crest bone biopsy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of skeletal anatomy and physiology.
  • Description of bone modeling and remodeling processes.

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A Human Bone Marrow 3D Model to Investigate the Dynamics and Interactions Between Resident Cells in Physiological or Tumoral Contexts
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A Human Bone Marrow 3D Model to Investigate the Dynamics and Interactions Between Resident Cells in Physiological or Tumoral Contexts

Published on: December 16, 2022

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance
06:54

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Published on: February 13, 2026

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

A Human Bone Marrow 3D Model to Investigate the Dynamics and Interactions Between Resident Cells in Physiological or Tumoral Contexts
09:07

A Human Bone Marrow 3D Model to Investigate the Dynamics and Interactions Between Resident Cells in Physiological or Tumoral Contexts

Published on: December 16, 2022

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance
06:54

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Published on: February 13, 2026

  • Summary of extracellular matrix components, mineralization, and osteocyte function.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed explanation of osteoclast and osteoblast roles in bone resorption and formation.
    • Overview of bone extracellular matrix composition and mineralization.
    • Synthesis of factors influencing bone strength, including biomechanical forces.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of bone physiology and remodeling is critical for iliac crest bone histomorphometry.
    • This review establishes the basis for appreciating the clinical utility of iliac crest bone biopsy.
    • Knowledge of bone determinants supports the interpretation of biopsy results in various clinical contexts.