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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage. When...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2022

Automatic real-time ECG coding methodology guaranteeing signal interpretation quality.

Alvaro Alesanco¹, José García

¹Communications Technologies Group, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain. alesanco@unizar.es

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering

|November 8, 2008

Summary

This study presents an automated method for compressing electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, ensuring diagnostic quality. The novel approach improves both reconstruction and visual signal quality, aiding in accurate interpretation.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Real-Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Treadmill Training in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2022

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Signal Processing
Medical Informatics

Background:

Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal compression is crucial for efficient data storage and transmission in telemedicine and clinical practice.
Maintaining signal interpretation quality during compression is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel, automated methodology for ECG signal compression that guarantees signal interpretation quality.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed compression technique in terms of reconstruction and visual quality.

Main Methods:

The methodology employs noise estimation within the ECG signal to set a compression threshold.
The Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is utilized for signal coding in the wavelet domain.
Validation involved 40 ECG records from two standard databases and clinical trials with cardiologists using Mean Opinion Score (MOS) tests.

Main Results:

The proposed method achieves high-quality ECG signal reconstruction.
The compression technique demonstrably enhances the visual quality of the ECG signals.
Cardiologist evaluations confirmed the clinical utility and improved signal perception.

Conclusions:

The developed automated ECG compression methodology effectively balances compression efficiency with diagnostic signal integrity.
This approach offers a promising solution for improving ECG data management and interpretation in clinical settings.