Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 28, 2026

04:30
An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
Published on: October 25, 2019
If it's hard to read, it's hard to do: processing fluency affects effort prediction and motivation
Hyunjin Song1, Norbert Schwarz
1Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA. hyunjin.song@umich.edu
Psychological Science
|November 13, 2008
Summary
No abstract available in PubMed .
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Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Language and Cognition
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
