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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Sacral neuromodulation for urinary retention.

Thomas M Kessler1, Clare J Fowler

  • 1Department of Uro-Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. tkessler@gmx.ch

Nature Clinical Practice. Urology
|November 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) offers an effective treatment for chronic urinary retention when other causes are ruled out. This minimally invasive therapy, particularly beneficial for women with Fowler's syndrome, improves quality of life by reducing the need for catheterization.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neuromodulation
  • Pelvic Floor Disorders

Background:

  • Chronic urinary retention without a clear urological cause poses significant challenges.
  • Current treatments like self-catheterization or indwelling catheters negatively impact patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate sacral neuromodulation (SNM) as a therapeutic alternative for chronic urinary retention.
  • To highlight SNM's efficacy in specific patient populations, such as women with Fowler's syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advancements in sacral neuromodulation (SNM) devices and surgical techniques.
  • Employing the two-stage tined lead procedure to optimize SNM implantation and reduce complications.

Main Results:

  • Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) demonstrates effectiveness as a minimally invasive treatment for urinary retention.
  • Improvements in device technology and surgical approaches have decreased failure and adverse event rates associated with SNM.

Conclusions:

  • Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a viable and effective treatment option for chronic urinary retention unresponsive to other therapies.
  • Further research into the precise mechanisms of SNM action, involving spinal and brain networks, is warranted.