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Related Concept Videos

Beams01:30

Beams

Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
Deflection of a Beam01:19

Deflection of a Beam

Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
Singularity functions, described in an earlier lesson, are powerful mathematical tools that represent discontinuities within a function commonly encountered in structural loading...
Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam01:11

Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam

In studying beam stress distribution, examining an elemental section is essential. To determine the average shearing stress on this face, the calculated shear is divided by the surface area. Importantly, shearing stresses on the beam's transverse and horizontal planes mirror each other, indicating a consistent stress distribution along the upper region of the beam. Notably, shearing stresses are absent at the beam's upper and lower surfaces due to the absence of applied forces in these areas.
Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings01:17

Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings

Analyzing a supported beam under unsymmetrical loadings is essential in structural engineering to understand how beams respond to varied force distributions. This analysis involves calculating the deflection and identifying points where the slope of the beam is zero, which are crucial for ensuring structural stability and functionality.
The first moment-area theorem determines the slope at any point on the beam. This theorem indicates that the change in slope between two points on a beam...
Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving01:15

Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving

In the design of a supported timber beam subjected to a distributed load, both the beam's physical dimensions and the timber's characteristics, such as its grade and species, are critical. These factors determine the allowable stress values, which are crucial for calculating the necessary beam depth to ensure structural integrity and safety.
The design begins with analyzing the beam as a free body to identify moments and force balances, thereby determining support reactions. Next, the designer...
Beams with Symmetric Loadings01:15

Beams with Symmetric Loadings

The moment-area method is an analytical tool used in structural engineering to determine the slope and deflection of beams under various loads. Consider a cantilever with a concentrated load and moment at the free end. The first step is constructing a free-body diagram to calculate the reactions at the fixed end. Next, the bending moment diagram is plotted to visualize how the bending moment varies along the beam's length, focusing on points where the bending moment equals zero.
The M/EI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers
09:49

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

Published on: October 23, 2018

Bit error rates for general beams.

Serap Altay Arpali1, Halil T Eyyuboğlu, Yahya Baykal

  • 1Cankaya University, Electronic and Communication Engineering Department, Balgat Ankara, Turkey. saltay@cankaya.edu.tr

Applied Optics
|November 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzes beam types in free space optical communication, finding annular beams offer the lowest bit error rate (BER) at small source sizes and long distances. Higher-order beams generally reduce BER, especially with increased propagation length.

More Related Videos

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers
09:49

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

Published on: October 23, 2018

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Optical Engineering
  • Free Space Optical Communication Systems

Background:

  • Atmospheric turbulence significantly impacts free space optical (FSO) communication performance.
  • Bit error rate (BER) is a critical metric for evaluating FSO system reliability.
  • Different beam types exhibit varying sensitivities to scintillation effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of various beam types on BER in FSO systems.
  • To analyze the performance of Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, and annular beams under different conditions.
  • To determine the optimal beam type for specific FSO communication scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated BER versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for multiple beam types.
  • Employed log-normal distribution for optical scintillation modeling in weak turbulence.
  • Varied parameters including propagation length, source size, wavelength, and beam order.

Main Results:

  • Annular beams yield the lowest BER at small source sizes and long propagation distances.
  • Cos-Gaussian beams show the lowest BER for large source sizes and short distances.
  • Higher-order beams consistently demonstrate lower BER than zero-order beams at extended distances.

Conclusions:

  • Beam type selection is crucial for optimizing FSO system performance.
  • Annular and cos-Gaussian beams offer distinct advantages depending on operational parameters.
  • Higher-order beams provide a performance enhancement, particularly for long-range FSO links.