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Related Concept Videos

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:

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Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Boron di- and tri-cations.

Ignacio Vargas-Baca1, Michael Findlater, Adam Powell

  • 1McMaster University, Department of Chemistry, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1. vargas@chemistry.mcmaster.ca

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|November 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews boron di- and tri-cations, detailing their structural chemistry via X-ray crystallography and electronic structures using DFT methods. Atomic charges were analyzed using multiple computational techniques for these boron polycations.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Structural Chemistry

Background:

  • Boron cations, specifically di- and tri-cations, represent an area with ongoing research interest.
  • Understanding their structural and electronic properties is crucial for advancing coordination chemistry and materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review previous work on boron di- and tri-cations.
  • To investigate the structural chemistry of representative boron di- and tri-cation compounds.
  • To examine the electronic structures and atomic charges of various boron polycations.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray structure determination for key boron di- and tri-cation compounds.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods for electronic structure calculations.
  • Mulliken, Natural Population Analysis (NPA), Hirschfeld, and Voronoi Deformation Density (VDD) methods for atomic charge evaluation.

Main Results:

  • The single-crystal X-ray structures of [(4-Mepy)4B]Br3 and [py3BH]Br2 were determined, providing insights into their solid-state arrangements.
  • Electronic structures of several boron polycations, including [(py)3BH]2+, [(py)3BBr]2+, [(4-Mepy)3BH]2+, [(4-Mepy)4B]3+, [(Me3P)3BH]2+, and [(Me3P)4B]3+, were computationally examined.
  • Atomic charges on these polycations were consistently evaluated across four different computational methods, offering a comprehensive analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed structural and electronic characterization of selected boron di- and tri-cations.
  • The application of multiple charge analysis methods confirms the reliability of the electronic structure investigations.
  • This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the bonding and electronic nature of boron-containing polycations.