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Updated: Jun 28, 2026
10:39
3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
Published on: June 2, 2014
Refractory migraine and chronic migraine: pathophysiological mechanisms
Peter J Goadsby1, Richard Hargreaves
1Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Headache
|November 14, 2008
Summary
Refractory migraine causes are unknown despite advances in headache treatment. Future research needs medical imaging, experimental medicine, and clinical observation for new therapies.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Neuroscience
- Headache Medicine
Background:
- Primary headaches and their treatments are increasingly understood.
- However, the etiology of refractory migraine remains elusive.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore potential contributing factors to refractory migraine.
- To identify future research directions for understanding and treating this condition.
Main Methods:
- Review of potential genetic, structural, functional, and pharmacological factors.
- Consideration of medical imaging technologies.
- Discussion of clinical experimental medicine and observational studies.
Main Results:
- The underlying causes of refractory migraine are currently unknown.
- Several potential factors including genetic, structural, functional, and pharmacological aspects are considered.
Conclusions:
- Further understanding of refractory migraine necessitates advanced medical imaging.
- Clinical experimental medicine studies and astute clinical observations are crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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