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Related Concept Videos

Subcellular Fractionation01:32

Subcellular Fractionation

The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
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Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
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Centrifugation01:05

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Centrifugation is a separation technique based on differences in density or size. It is commonly used to separate solids from aqueous interferents. During centrifugation, the sample is placed in centrifugation tubes and spun at high angular velocity, which allows centrifugal force to act differentially on the different densities or masses of the components. After spinning, the supernatant liquid is decanted. Depending on the specific application, either the pellet or the supernatant is retained...
Partial Fractions01:28

Partial Fractions

A partial fraction is a component of a rational expression represented as the sum of simpler fractions. When a rational function is expressed as a ratio of two polynomials, it can often be decomposed into a sum of fractions whose denominators are simpler polynomials, typically linear or irreducible quadratic factors. This process is called partial fraction decomposition, and it is used to simplify complex expressions for integration, solving equations, or analysis.Partial fraction decomposition...

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Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Sizing of Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension
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[Accelerated fractionation].

Chiaki Shibayama1, Masanori Nakazawa, Michiko Nakamura

  • 1Dept. of Radiology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy
|November 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Accelerated fractionation (AF) improves loco-regional control in head and neck cancer radiotherapy by reducing treatment time. However, survival benefits are limited, and acute side effects are more frequent with AF.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiotherapy
  • Head and Neck Cancer

Background:

  • Tumor cell repopulation during radiotherapy can lead to loco-regional failure in head and neck cancer.
  • Accelerated fractionation (AF) aims to counteract this by reducing overall treatment time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of accelerated fractionation (AF) in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.
  • To compare AF with conventional fractionation (CF) and hyperfractionation (HF).

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials investigating accelerated fractionation (AF) in head and neck cancer.
  • Meta-analysis of altered fractionated radiotherapy data.

Main Results:

  • AF demonstrates benefits in loco-regional control compared to conventional fractionation (CF).
  • Survival benefits with AF are generally less pronounced than with hyperfractionation (HF).
  • Continuous AF schedules without dose reduction improve local control but require further investigation.
  • Acute morbidity is significantly increased with AF, while late toxicity remains unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Accelerated fractionation (AF) is effective for improving local control in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.
  • Further research is needed to optimize AF regimens and clarify toxicity profiles.
  • AF may be more beneficial for primary tumors and well-to-moderately differentiated cancers.