Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
What is a Sensory System?01:31

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adenosine signaling in rapid antidepressant action.

Brain stimulation·2026
Same author

A circuit-based framework for depression: Reshaping the pathological attractor.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Adenosine signalling drives antidepressant actions of ketamine and ECT.

Nature·2025
Same author

Development and Validation of a Healthy Aging Scale: A Preliminary Study in Beijing.

Social work in public health·2025
Same author

Ultrabright chemical labeling enables rapid neural connectivity profiling in large tissue samples.

Neuron·2025
Same author

Optimized deep brain stimulation for anterior cingulate cortex inhibition produces antidepressant-like effects in mice.

Neuron·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ
10:11

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

Published on: September 10, 2016

The necklace olfactory system in mammals.

Minmin Luo1

  • 1National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. luominmin@nibs.ac.cn

Journal of Neurogenetics
|November 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The necklace olfactory system uses a unique cGMP pathway to detect carbon dioxide (CO2). This system mediates innate avoidance behaviors, offering a novel model for studying neural circuits.

More Related Videos

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
08:42

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ
10:11

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

Published on: September 10, 2016

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
08:42

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • Mammalian olfaction comprises parallel subsystems, including the necklace olfactory system.
  • This system features distinct anatomical organization (necklace glomeruli) and unique physiological responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the necklace olfactory subsystem's organization and function.
  • To highlight its role in carbon dioxide (CO2) detection and avoidance behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on necklace olfactory system anatomy and physiology.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in CO2 sensing.

Main Results:

  • Necklace olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) utilize a cGMP-dependent pathway, unlike the canonical cAMP pathway.
  • The necklace system is crucial for detecting atmospheric CO2 and mediating avoidance behaviors.
  • Novel molecular and cellular mechanisms for CO2 sensing have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • The necklace olfactory system presents a unique model for studying innate avoidance behavior.
  • Further research can elucidate novel neural circuit mechanisms for sensory processing.