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Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Multi-modulation of nuclear receptor coactivators through posttranslational modifications.

Sang Jun Han¹, David M Lonard, Bert W O'Malley

¹Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM

|November 21, 2008

Summary

Nuclear receptor (NR) coactivators are regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). PTMs fine-tune NR-mediated gene transcription and physiological processes, adding complexity to gene regulation.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene transcription, relying on coactivators for potentiation.
The complexity of NR-mediated gene regulation necessitates dynamic modulation of coactivator properties.
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are key regulators of coactivator function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding how PTMs affect NR coactivators.
To explore the biological significance of PTM-mediated regulation of coactivators.
To elucidate the role of PTMs in fine-tuning NR-dependent gene transcription.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on coactivator PTMs.
Analysis of studies investigating PTMs' impact on coactivator interactions and functions.
Synthesis of findings on the biological relevance of PTM-regulated coactivators.

Main Results:

PTMs dynamically regulate coactivator molecular properties, including interactions, localization, stability, conformation, and enzymatic activity.
This dynamic regulation allows for the complexity observed in NR-dependent gene expression.
PTMs are crucial for influencing the regulation of NR-mediated physiological processes.

Conclusions:

PTMs are essential for the intricate regulation of nuclear receptor coactivators.
Understanding coactivator PTMs provides insights into NR-mediated gene transcription and physiological outcomes.
Dynamic PTMs enable a sophisticated system for gene regulation by nuclear receptors.