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Related Concept Videos

Biofuels01:25

Biofuels

The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
Production of Organic Acids01:25

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils
04:40

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils

Published on: April 19, 2024

Fast biodiesel production with one-phase reaction.

Ji-Yeon Park1, Deog-Keun Kim, Zhong-Ming Wang

  • 1Korea Institute of Energy Research, 71-2 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
|November 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Investigating fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a co-solvent in biodiesel production enhances mass transfer. Adding FAME accelerates the reaction and simplifies separation, improving the overall process efficiency.

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11:33

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Biodiesel production via transesterification faces challenges in mass transfer between oil and methanol phases.
  • Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is the desired product and can potentially act as a co-solvent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using FAME as a co-solvent to enhance mass transfer in the transesterification of soybean oil.
  • To examine the impact of FAME addition on reaction kinetics and phase behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using KOH catalyst under slow agitation.
  • Controlled addition of FAME (0, 5, 10 wt.%) to the reaction mixture.
  • Observation of phase behavior and FAME content over time.

Main Results:

  • FAME addition significantly increased FAME content, especially at higher concentrations.
  • The addition of FAME reduced the time required to form a single-phase system.
  • Reaction parameters like KOH concentration and temperature also influenced the one-phase system formation time.

Conclusions:

  • FAME is a feasible co-solvent for biodiesel production, improving mass transfer and reducing reaction time.
  • Initial FAME concentration is critical for rapid product formation.
  • Optimizing FAME, KOH, and temperature can enhance the efficiency of the transesterification process.