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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

How do microRNAs regulate gene expression?

Ian G Cannell1, Yi Wen Kong, Martin Bushell

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|November 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs regulating gene expression. Their repression stage depends on the target mRNA

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression.
  • miRNAs post-transcriptionally control protein production by targeting mRNAs.
  • The precise mechanisms of miRNA-mediated translational repression are under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of miRNA repression mechanisms.
  • To highlight novel findings on miRNA repression stage dependency.
  • To identify outstanding questions in miRNA-mediated gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of miRNA function and regulation.
  • Analysis of recent experimental data on miRNA effects.
  • Discussion of promoter-dependent effects on miRNA activity.

Main Results:

  • miRNA binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs is a primary mechanism.
  • miRNA-mediated repression involves mRNA destabilization and translational silencing.
  • The specific stage of translation inhibited by miRNAs is influenced by the promoter driving mRNA transcription.

Conclusions:

  • miRNA repression is a complex process influenced by transcriptional context.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the stage-specific mechanisms of miRNA action.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for fields like cancer biology and developmental biology.