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Related Concept Videos

Symmetry Elements in a Crystal01:27

Symmetry Elements in a Crystal

Crystal symmetry operations are isometric transformations that map objects onto indistinguishable copies while preserving distances, angles, and volumes. The simplest symmetry operation is translation, which shifts the entire infinite crystal lattice parallelly by a translation vector.Crystallographic rotations involve rotations by an angle of 2π/n around an axis without changing the positions of points on the axis. It is called the rotational axis of the symmetry, denoted by n. The combination...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals01:27

Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals

Lattice energy represents the energy released when gaseous cations and anions combine to form an ionic solid, reflecting the strength of electrostatic interactions within the crystal. This process is fundamentally governed by Coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions, where the potential energy varies inversely with the interionic distance and directly with the product of ionic charges. As ions approach one another, the electrostatic energy becomes increasingly negative, indicating a...

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Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping
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Published on: July 2, 2012

Solar glint from oriented crystals in cirrus clouds.

Claire Lavigne1, Antoine Roblin, Patrick Chervet

  • 1Applied and Theoretical Optics Department, Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, The French Aerospace Lab, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau Cedex, France. claire.lavigne@onera.fr

Applied Optics
|November 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oriented cirrus crystals significantly enhance solar scattering near the specular direction. This finding, crucial for atmospheric optics, contrasts with models assuming random crystal orientation.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric optics
  • Cloud physics
  • Radiative transfer

Background:

  • Cirrus clouds play a vital role in Earth's radiative balance.
  • Understanding solar scattering by cirrus is key to accurate climate modeling.
  • Previous models often assumed random orientation of ice crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model solar scattering by oriented cirrus crystals.
  • To investigate factors broadening the scattering phase function.
  • To quantify the impact of crystal orientation on detected radiance.

Main Methods:

  • Combined geometric optics and diffraction effects for modeling.
  • Utilized a Monte Carlo method to study scattering broadening.
  • Calculated radiance at visible and infrared wavelengths for various solar zenith angles.

Main Results:

  • Modeled solar scattering on oriented cirrus crystals near the specular reflection direction.
  • Investigated effects of multiple scattering, solar disk, and tilt on phase function broadening.
  • Observed a dramatic increase in detected radiance compared to random orientation assumptions.

Conclusions:

  • Solar scattering by oriented cirrus crystals is significantly different from random orientations.
  • Crystal orientation strongly influences the radiance detected by airborne sensors.
  • Findings challenge existing assumptions and improve radiative transfer models for cirrus clouds.