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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Clinical laboratory values during diabetic pregnancies.

F H Pilsczek¹, W Renn, H Hardin

¹Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada. f.h.pilsczek@gmail.com

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC

|November 26, 2008

Summary

Diabetic pregnancies show similar laboratory test changes as normal pregnancies. Routine blood tests for pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes do not require additional monitoring beyond standard pregnancy protocols.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Endocrinology
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Physiological pregnancy alters routine laboratory tests, such as increasing erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Limited data exists on combined diabetes and pregnancy effects on blood test monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate clinical chemistry and hematological laboratory test changes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies.
Compare these changes to those observed in normal pregnancies.

Main Methods:

Studied 25 women with type 1 diabetes undergoing standard clinical chemistry and hematological blood tests during pregnancy.

Main Results:

Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte count decreased; leucocytes and platelets showed no significant change.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased over 200%. Protein and albumin decreased below reference ranges.
Cholesterol and triglycerides increased above normal pregnancy levels; liver enzymes remained within range.

Conclusions:

Biochemistry and hematology values change in diabetic pregnancy, similar to physiological pregnancies.
No additional routine laboratory testing is necessary for diabetic pregnancies compared to physiological pregnancies.