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Related Concept Videos

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...
Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function01:22

Cholinesterases: Distribution and Function

Cholinesterases are a group of serine hydrolase enzymes that play a crucial role in the breakdown of choline esters. The two primary types of cholinesterases are acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChEs), which differ in their distribution, function, and substrate specificity. AChEs, also known as true cholinesterases, specifically hydrolyze acetylcholine, while BuChEs, often referred to as pseudocholinesterases, can hydrolyze various choline esters, including...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
11:56

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

Published on: April 11, 2014

The stability of choline ascorbate.

D O Yillar1, A Akcasu, G Akkan

  • 1University of Istanbul, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey. oyillar@istanbul.edu.tr

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Choline ascorbate demonstrates high stability across various conditions, including temperature and pH, for up to one year. This stability surpasses that of vitamin C and crystalline ascorbic acid, indicating its therapeutic promise.

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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
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Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Stability
  • Ascorbic Acid Derivatives

Background:

  • Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential but prone to degradation.
  • Developing stable formulations of ascorbic acid is crucial for effective therapy.
  • Choline ascorbate is a potential alternative formulation for ascorbic acid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the stability of choline ascorbate.
  • To compare the stability of choline ascorbate with other forms of ascorbic acid.
  • To assess the impact of storage conditions on choline ascorbate.

Main Methods:

  • Choline ascorbate solutions were subjected to varying concentrations, temperatures (refrigeration, ambient, 37°C), and pH levels.
  • Stability was assessed over a one-year period.
  • Comparative stability studies were conducted against vitamin C and crystalline ascorbic acid.
  • Choline ascorbate was diluted in a vitamin B solution to assess its stability in a mixed formulation.

Main Results:

  • Choline ascorbate exhibited remarkable stability, with negligible degradation observed under all tested conditions for one year.
  • The compound showed superior stability compared to both vitamin C and crystalline ascorbic acid.
  • Dilution in a vitamin B solution did not affect the ascorbic acid content of choline ascorbate within 120 minutes at ambient temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Choline ascorbate is a highly stable form of ascorbic acid, demonstrating excellent preservation of its active component.
  • Its superior stability profile makes choline ascorbate a promising and reliable option for therapeutic applications.
  • The findings support the use of choline ascorbate for enhanced quality of therapy with ascorbic acid.