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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect various areas...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

Pain and the brain.

Lesley M Arnold1, Rakesh Jain, William M Glazer

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Chronic pain and mood disorders often coexist, sharing similar pathways. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and therapies can treat both pain and depression symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pain Medicine

Background:

  • Chronic pain and psychiatric conditions, particularly depression, frequently co-occur.
  • Shared neurobiological pathways and neurochemical underpinnings, involving serotonin and norepinephrine, link pain and mood disorders.
  • The comorbidity can complicate diagnosis and treatment of both conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of comorbid pain and mood disorders.
  • To highlight the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine in both conditions.
  • To present case studies and expert insights on managing these complex conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the pathophysiology linking pain and mood disorders.

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  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges in comorbid cases.
  • Exploration of treatment strategies including pharmacotherapy (e.g., SNRIs) and psychotherapy.

    • Main Results:

    • Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) show potential for managing both pain and depressive symptoms.
    • Integrated treatment approaches combining medication, psychotherapy, and education are crucial for optimal patient functioning.
    • Case studies illustrate the complexities of diabetic neuropathy, lower back pain, and chronic widespread pain in the context of mood disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of chronic pain and comorbid mood disorders requires understanding their shared neurobiology.
    • Pharmacological interventions targeting serotonin and norepinephrine, alongside psychotherapeutic approaches, offer a dual benefit.
    • A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach is essential for improving outcomes and patient functioning.