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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Published on: June 16, 2014

Lupus-associated endothelial dysfunction, disease activity and arteriosclerosis.

P Valdivielso¹, J J Gómez-Doblas, M Macias

¹Lipids Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain. valdivielso@uma.es

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

|November 27, 2008

Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients exhibit endothelial dysfunction, even without prior ischemic events. This dysfunction is linked to disease activity but not subclinical arteriosclerosis compared to controls.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Research
Rheumatology
Vascular Biology

Background:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease.
Endothelial dysfunction is an early indicator of cardiovascular risk.
Subclinical arteriosclerosis assessment is crucial in chronic inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate endothelial function in SLE patients.
To determine the relationship between endothelial function, disease activity, and subclinical arteriosclerosis in SLE.

Main Methods:

Comparative study of 26 SLE patients and 21 controls.
Quantification of endothelial function via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD).
Assessment of subclinical arteriosclerosis using carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque prevalence.

Main Results:

SLE patients showed significantly worse endothelial function (lower FMD) than controls.
No significant difference in carotid IMT or plaque prevalence between groups.
Endothelial dysfunction in SLE patients correlated significantly with disease activity (LAI).

Conclusions:

Endothelial dysfunction is a feature of SLE, independent of prior ischemic events and subclinical arteriosclerosis levels.
The severity of endothelial dysfunction in SLE is associated with disease activity.