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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
Diversity of Protists III01:27

Diversity of Protists III

Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
Diversity of Protists IV01:27

Diversity of Protists IV

Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
What is Biodiversity?01:19

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning
09:23

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning

Published on: March 21, 2025

Diversity sustains an evolving network.

Ravi Mehrotra1, Vikram Soni, Sanjay Jain

  • 1National Physical Laboratory, K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|November 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex systems evolve with growth, stasis, and collapse. Increased component diversity extends system lifetime, while internal network fragility causes crashes, impacting ecosystems and markets.

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Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity
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Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Published on: March 13, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning
09:23

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning

Published on: March 21, 2025

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity
08:16

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Published on: March 13, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Complex systems science
  • Network theory

Background:

  • Complex systems evolve through catalytic dynamics and Darwinian selection.
  • These systems often exhibit phases of growth, stasis, and structural collapse.
  • Understanding the factors influencing system longevity and failure is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an evolutionary model of complex systems.
  • To determine the relationship between component diversity and system lifetime.
  • To identify the primary causes of system structural collapse.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an evolutionary model incorporating catalytic dynamics and Darwinian selection.
  • Analysis of system behavior, including growth, stasis, and collapse.
  • Examination of network organization, pathway multiplicity, and feedback loops.

Main Results:

  • System lifetime increases sharply with component or species diversity.
  • Internal system fragility, linked to reduced pathway/feedback loop multiplicity, is the main cause of crashes.
  • These findings hold for generalized models.

Conclusions:

  • Component diversity is a key factor in the robustness and longevity of evolving complex systems.
  • Network structure, specifically the lack of feedback loops, creates inherent fragility leading to collapse.
  • The study provides parameters for assessing the robustness of diverse systems, from molecular networks to societies and markets.